They typically use one of two sources: hardwired/corded AC power via a powered yard stake with grounded outlets and an outdoor-rated cord, or solar power, where a built-in solar panel charges the stake's electronics.
Powered garden stakes commonly provide multiple grounded outlets (examples often show up to six), an outdoor-rated cord of about 6 feet, and load ratings in the range of 125V/15A (≈1875W) on many models.
Solar garden stakes charge via built-in solar panels and commonly use rechargeable AA battery packs. Listings include configurations such as 1×AA, 4×AA, and 6×AA, typically in nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) or nickel-cadmium (NiCd) chemistries depending on the model.
Common materials include plastics (such as ABS and polypropylene) and various metals for bodies and housings. Shades and fixture components are often made from these plastics or metal finishes depending on the design.